Effect
of Pegylated Interferon Therapy After Curative Treatment of Hepatitis C
Virus-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma - A Case Report
Hiroki
Nishikawa, Yukio Osaki, Ryuichi Kita, Toru Kimura, Eriko Iguchi, Yorimitsu
Koshikawa, Soichiro Ako, Tadashi Inuzuka, Haruhiko Takeda, Jun Nakajima,
Fumihiro Matsuda, Azusa Sakamoto, Sinichiro Henmi, Keiichi Hatamaru, Tetsuro
Ishikawa, Sumio Saito
Hiroki Nishikawa, Yukio
Osaki, Ryuichi Kita, Toru Kimura, Eriko Iguchi, Yorimitsu Koshikawa, Soichiro
Ako, Tadashi Inuzuka, Haruhiko Takeda, Jun Nakajima, Fumihiro Matsuda, Azusa
Sakamoto, Sinichiro Henmi, Keiichi Hatamaru, Tetsuro Ishikawa, Sumio Saito, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka Red
Cross Hospital, Osaka, 543-0027, Japan
Correspondence to: Hiroki Nishikawa, MD, Department
of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka Red Cross Hospital, 5-30
Fudegasaki-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka, 543-0027,
Japan. h-nishikawa@osaka-med.jrc.or.jp
Telephone:
+81-6-6774-5111 Fax: +81-6-6774-5131
Received: December 14, 2012 Revised: January 13,
2012
Accepted:
January 23, 2012
Published
online: February 21, 2012
ABSTRACT
The
5-year recurrence rate of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is known to be as high
as 60-100% even if radically treated by radiofrequency ablation (RFA) or
surgery. Accordingly it is required to treat background liver disease after
radical treatment of HCC. A 50s male with hepatitis C virus-related HCC
(Genotype1b, 300KIU/mL) underwent RFA followed by pegylated interferon
(PEG-IFN) -2b and ribavirin combination therapy. Although the patient had an
early virological response (EVR), he experienced a relapse. The patient was
treated with low-dose Peg-IFN2a administration (90g/2-4 weeks) for
persistently normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and was followed up.
Peg-IFN-2a administration
was initiated at doses of 90g. HCV RNA test becomes negative after single
dose, and then the patient remained negative HCV RNA result and normal ALT
level. After three months, recurrence of HCC 1.5 cm in size located at segment
2 of the liver was observed and treated with RFA. After that, Peg-IFN-2a
administration was restarted and he had persistently negative HCV RNA result,
normal ALT level, and normal alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level. Six months after
the end of IFN treatment, his HCV-RNA test was negative, that is to say, he
obtained a sustained virological response (SVR). Moreover, there has been no
evidence of HCC recurrence for 24 months after the second treatment of RFA.
The HCC patient with
genotype 1b and high viral load was treated with radical RFA followed by
low-dose Peg-IFN2a, and his HCV RNA level became negative, and he obtained an
SVR, and ALT and AFP levels became normal. It was speculated that the
Peg-IFN-2a low-dose administration might contribute to preventing subsequent
recurrence of HCC.
© 2012 Thomson
research. All rights reserved.
Key words: HCC(hepatocellular
carcinoma); Low dose Peg-IFN2a; SVR; RFA; Recurrence
Nishikawa
H, Osaki Y, Kita R, Kimura T, Iguchi E, Koshikawa Y, Ako S, Inuzuka T, Takeda
H, Nakajima J, Matsuda F, Sakamoto A, Henmi S, Hatamaru K, Ishikawa T, Saito S.
Effect of pegylated interferon therapy after curative
treatment of hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma - A Case
Report. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research 2012; 1(1): 16-19 Available from: URL: http://www.ghrnet.org/index./joghr/
INTRODUCTION
In chronic hepatitis C, repeated liver cell necrosis and regeneration
due to persistent inflammation promote hepatic fibrosis, which is associated
with increased cancer incidence and leads to cirrhosis. About 7% per year of patients with cirrhosis develop cancer in Japan[1]. Hepatocellular
carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by multicentric carcinogenesis. In addition,
it is known that the 5-year recurrence rate of HCC is as high as 60-100% even
if the primary HCC is treated by radiofrequency ablation (RFA) or surgery
radically. Accordingly it is required to treat background liver disease after
radical treatment of HCC, and virological response after antiviral treatment
becomes important in terms of fibrosis suppression and inhibition of hepatic
carcinogenesis[2].
In antiviral
treatment for chronic hepatitis C, pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) plus
ribavirin (RBV) therapy achieves successfully 80 to 90% sustained virological
response (SVR) rate in patients with genotype 2, and even in resistant cases,
about 50% in patients with genotype 1 and high viral load; the treatment
outcome has been improved remarkably. However, a complete response rate is low
in elderly at especially high carcinogenic risk or patients with cirrhosis, and
measures for patients with no complete responses with PEG-IFN plus RBV therapy
become important[3].
In the USA, a
study reported that the low-dose, long-term PEG-IFN administration decreased
cancer incidence in patients with cirrhosis[4]. In Japan, a study
was performed to determine whether carcinogenesis was inhibited by interferon
(IFN) therapy following HCC treatment, and showed that effective inhibition of
carcinogenesis by IFN therapy in many cases[2, 5-8]. In
particularly, PEG-IFN-2a as pegylated interferon drug can be used alone and
can be expected to provide sufficient effect even if it is administered
biweekly because of its long half-life in blood.
We report rare experience of a primary HCC patient with genotype 1b and
high viral load who was treated with radical RFA followed by PEG-IFN-2b plus
RBV therapy with relapse but then achieved an SVR by low-dose PEG-IFN-2a
administration.
CASE PRESENTATION
Case: 59-year-old male; Chief Complaint: Intensive
examination and treatment for HCC; Past Medical History: 1978 Transfusion was
performed when bleeding duodenal ulcer was treated; 1996 Chronic hepatitis C
was pointed out; 2003 Endoscopic hemostasis was performed to treat gastric
ulcer bleeding.
Present Illness: While attending to another hospital due to cirrhosis
caused by chronic hepatitis C, suspicious lesion indicating HCC about 2 cm in
size located at segment 6 was pointed out by computed tomography (CT) scan for
screening. The patient was referred to our hospital and was hospitalized for
the purpose of intensive examination and treatment.
Condition on Admission: Height 180 cm; weight 94 kg; blood pressure
138/68 mmHg; temperature 36.6 degrees Celsius; heart sound and pulmonary sound,
normal. No comment in particular. The test results on admission are shown in
Table 1.
Hospital
Course 1
On December, 2007, single HCC 2.3 cm in size located
at segment 6 was diagnosed by CT during hepatic arteriography (CTHA) and CT
during arterial portography (CTAP) before percutaneous radio-frequency ablation
(PRFA) (Figure 1). After transcatheter arterial injection treatment (TAI), PRFA
was performed (using 3-cm Cool-tip needle) on December, 2007. This procedure
finished without complication, complete ablation was confirmed by dynamic CT
taken for effect measurement (Figure 1), and the patient was discharged.
Hospital
Course 2
The combination of Peg-IFN-2b 0.5 g/kg plus
ribavirin 1000 mg therapy for virus elimination as well as patient's wish was
initiated in March, 2008. Dose finding was based on platelet count or other
laboratory data because it was a cirrhosis case. Figure 2 shows changes in
quantity of HCV RNA, blood cell count, and ALT level during IFN. HCV RNA showed
negative results (by real time PCR) at 10 weeks from the start of
administration. We paid attention to hematopenia and the patient completed 48
weeks administration on February, 2009. The dose was fixed at Peg-IFN-2b 0.5
g/kg and ribavirin 1000 mg.
Hospital Course 3
Relapse was confirmed by blood test at 6 months after the combination
of Peg-IFN-2b 0.5g/kg plus ribavirin 1000 mg therapy finished (HCV RNA, 3.2
Log IU/mL; by RT-PCR). Therefore we consulted with the patient again, and
started low-dose Peg-IFN2a administration (90g/2-4 weeks) for persistently
normal ALT.
Peg-IFN-2a
administration was initiated at doses of 90g. HCV RNA test becomes negative
after single dose immediately. Although the patient remained negative HCV RNA
result and normal ALT level, recurrence of HCC 1.5 cm in size located at
segment 2 of the liver was observed by dynamic CT in November, 2009. (Figure 1)
Accordingly, Peg-IFN-2a 90g administration was discontinued and PRFA was performed
in December, 2009, and complete ablation was comfirmed using dynamic CT.
(Figure 1) HCV RNA result was 4.5 Log IU/mL in January, 2010, which showed the
patient was in the relapsed setting, and ALT level was elevated to 75 IU/L
again. Therefore Peg-IFN-2a 90g administration was restarted. We administered
Peg-IFN-2a 90g to the patient with attention to hematopenia. Negative HCV RNA
result was confirmed in March, 2010. Elevated ALT recovered to normal level. We
continued to administer Peg-IFN-2a 90g/2-4 weeks, and the patient has
remained negative HCV RNA result, normal ALT and AFP levels (Figure 3). In
March, 2011, we discontinued to administer low dose Peg-IFN-2a because of his
wish. Despite the discontinuation of IFN treatment, his HCV-RNA test was
negative 6 months after the end of IFN treatment, that is, he obtained an SVR.
For the present, there has been no evidence of HCC recurrence for about 24
months after the second treatment of RFA.
DISCUSSION
Spontaneous recovery from chronic hepatitis C occurs
extremely rarely. If left untreated, chronic hepatitis C can lead to cirrhosis
and progress to HCC. Regarding antiviral treatment, about half of patients with
genotype 1b and high viral load who were treated with PEG-IFN plus RBV therapy,
and about 80 to 90% of patients with genotype 2 have been achieved SVR; the
combination of Peg-IFN plus RBV therapy has been becomes the standard therapy
for high viral load case[3].
The predictive factor for therapeutic response includes host side factor
such as age, sex, the degree of hepatic fibrosis progression, fatty change,
insulin resistance, and IL28B genetic polymorphism[9-13]; virus side
factor such as genotype, viral load, mutation in interferon sensitivity
determining region (ISDR)[14], and core amino acid mutation[15];
therapeutic side factor such as dose and duration of IFN administration, and
adherence to the Peg-IFN plus RBV combination therapy.
Genotype 1b and high viral load are found in cirrhosis patients with or
elderly persons and many of them are included in resistant case. In addition,
these patients cannot maintain adequate drug adherence because of decreased
platelet and white blood cell and physical burden or other reasons; it is
considered that their treatment outcomes of IFN are poorer than patients with
chronic hepatitis or young adults from these reasons.
The patient in our study has genotype 1b and high viral load as well as
cirrhosis that is refractory to IFN. Furthermore, the patient achieved early
virological response (EVR) in spite of his condition that dose of Peg-IFN-2b
had to be reduced because of low platelet level. It seems that core amino acid
mutation (70th/91th) has suitable conditions for complete response [e.g., virus
side factor such as wild type/wild type and ISDR (3)].
This patient developed recurrence in the liver about 2 years after RFA
for primary HCC. Generally the first recurrence following HCC treated radically
is hard to control even by IFN treatment which significantly suppresses at the
second or later recurrence[16]. In our case, low-dose Peg-IFN-2a
administration is expected to suppress the second or later recurrence because
he obtained an SVR by the low-dose Peg-IFN-2a therapy.
Also, it should be noted that during both PEG-IFN-2b plus RBV therapy
and low-dose Peg-IFN-2a administration, the patient has had a course without
problem although the platelet count changes at extremely low levels. When
response to IFN treatment is benign like this case, it is considered as
significant to continue treatment by blood test carefully and follow-up strictly,
even if hematopenia is remarkable.
PEG-IFN-2a as pegylated interferon drug can be used alone and can be
expected to provide sufficient effect even if it is administered biweekly as
low-dose, long-term administration because of its long half-life in blood. In
this case, the patient continues to receive Peg-IFN-2 at 90g/2-4 weeks since
biweekly administration decreases platelet count extremely. However, its long
half-life in blood avoids frequent IFN administration and contributes to
maintain the patient's quality of life; which can be considered as the
advantages of low-dose Peg-IFN-2a therapy.
CONCLUSION
We had an experience of primary HCC patient with
genotype 1b and high viral load was treated with RFA followed by PEG-IFN-2b
plus RBV therapy with relapse but SVR was obtained by low-dose PEG-IFN-2a
administration. When response to the first IFN treatment is benign like this
case, even if the patient developed relapse, low-dose PEG-IFN-2a
administration can lead to persistent negative HCV-RNA level and may contribute
to significant suppression of HCC.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
There is no one who contributed towards the study by
making substantial contributions to conception, design, acquisition of data, or
analysis and interpretation of data.
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Peer
reviewers: Luis Rodrigo, Professor, Department of Gastroenterology, University
Hospital Central of Asturias, c/ Celestino Villamil s. nº, 33.006. Oviedo.
Spain; Edoardo G. Giannini, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor, Gastroenterology
Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV,
no. 6, 16132, Genova, Italy; Soung Won Jeong, MD, PhD, Assistant
Professor/Hepatologist, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal
Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, 22, Daesagwan-gil, Yongsan-gu,
Seoul, 140-743, Korea.
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