Macular
Hole Surgery Without Postoperative Prone Position and Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging
in Gas-Filled Eyes
Fumihiko Yagi
Fumihiko Yagi, Department of
Ophthalmology, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
Correspondence to:
Fumihiko Yagi, MD, Department of Ophthalmology, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center,
2-17-6 Ohashi, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8515, Japan.
Email: fyagi@med.toho-u.ac.jp
Telephone: +81-3-3468-1251
Fax: +81-3-3468-2926
Received: May 25, 2015
Revised: July 16, 2015
Accepted: July 21, 2015
Published online: September 6, 2015
ABSTRACT
AIM: To evaluate whether spectral-domain optical coherence tomography
(SD-OCT) can be used to determine if macular hole (MH) closure occurred in
gas-filled eyes without postoperative face-down positioning.
Methods: This retrospective, consecutive,
observational case series included 19 eyes of 19 MH patients who underwent
vitrectomy with SF6 gas tamponade without postoperative face-down
positioning. The MHs of all patients were evaluated using SD-OCT before and at
3 hours after surgery; daily until confirming the MH status; and at 1 and 3
months postoperatively.
Results: Three hours after surgery, no
interpretable images were obtained for any of the 19 eyes. On postoperative day
1, sufficiently clear images were obtained by SD-OCT to determine MH closure in
10 eyes (52.6%), 16 eyes (84.2%) on postoperative day 2, and 18 eyes (94.7%) on
postoperative day 3. Clear images of the remaining eye were not obtained until
postoperative day 5, likely due to pupillary capture of the intraocular lens.
All MHs closed after the first surgery.
Conclusions: Hole closure can be precisely
determined by postoperative day 5 using SD-OCT. If SD-OCT images through gas
reveal that the hole is still open, then face-down positioning should be used
so that residual gas in the vitreous cavity can close the hole, or a second
vitrectomy should be planned.
© 2015 ACT. All rights reserved.
Key words: Gas tamponade;
Macular hole; Optical coherence tomography; Retinal-imaging; Without face-down
positioning
Yagi F. Macular Hole Surgery Without Postoperative Prone
Position and Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging in Gas-Filled
Eyes. International Journal of Ophthalmic Research 2015; 1(2): 41-44
Available from: URL: http://www.ghrnet.org/index.php/ijor/article/view/1224
INTRODUCTION
Since 1991, idiopathic macular holes (MHs) at stage 2, 3, and 4 have
been treated successfully, as described by Kelly and Wendel[1]. The
surgical procedure includes pars plana vitrectomy, removal of the adherent
cortical vitreous, peeling of epiretinal membranes, total air-gas exchange, and
SF6 gas tamponade, with strict occiput-up postoperative positioning
for at least 1 week and a reported anatomic closure rate of 58%. Vitrectomy
with gas tamponade is now considered essential for successful MH surgery, and
strict occiput-up positioning for at least 1 week has become a widely accepted
standard postoperative routine. The face-down position is uncomfortable,
however, and extended periods of such positioning can also prolong
immobilization, leading to ulnar nerve neuropathy[2] and pressure
sores[3].
Tornambe et
al[4] first challenged the necessity of face-down positioning in
MH surgery in 1997. In their study of 33 MH patients without face-down
positioning using 15% C3F8 gas for the tamponade, the
primary closure rate was 79% and the overall rate was 85%. We reported
favorable anatomic and functional results by vitrectomy with internal limiting
membrane (ILM) peeling and 20% SF6 gas tamponade for MH surgery
without postoperative face-down positioning[5,6]. Although performing MH surgery
without postoperative face-down positioning remains controversial, it is more
comfortable for the patient and we observed no complications. The face-down
position is not necessary if MH closure is confirmed early in the postoperative
period. The face-down position should only be initiated when the MH has not
closed.
In 2000,
Kasuga et al[7] reported MH closure in 4 of 7 (58%) gas-filled
eyes based on time-domain optical coherence tomography (TD-OCT) on
postoperative day (POD) 1. Eckardt et al[8] and Masuyama et
al[9] used spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT) to determine MH closure
in gas-filled eyes.
The purpose of
the present study was to evaluate whether SD-OCT can be used to determine MH
closure in gas-filled eyes after vitrectomy without face-down positioning.
Methods
This retrospective case series included 19 eyes of 19 patients
undergoing MH surgery performed by a single surgeon without postoperative
face-down positioning. The procedures were performed between May 2009 and
December 2011 at the Department of Ophthalmology, Toho University Ohashi
Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan. Exclusion criteria were patients whose MH
duration was longer than 6 months or unknown, who had secondary MH, such as
that due to trauma, chronic cystoid macular edema, or high myopia and patients
with clear lenses. After thoroughly explaining the risks and benefits of MH
surgery without postoperative face-down positioning, we obtained written
informed consent from all patients. This study was approved by Toho University
Ohashi Medical Center Institutional Review Board (No.20-22), which followed the
provisions of the Declaration of Helsinki.
MH was
diagnosed by both stereoscopic biomicroscopy and SD-OCT and graded according to
the Gass classification[10].
The surgical
procedure involved cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation in all
phakic eyes before standard 20-gauge three-port vitrectomy. Core vitrectomy was
followed by surgical creation of a posterior hyaloid detachment in eyes with
stage 2 or 3 MH. Indocyanine green diluted to a concentration of 0.125% was
used to aid peeling of the ILM. The ILM was peeled beyond a radius of 1 disc diameter
around the MH. Fluid-air exchange was performed, with no attempt to aspirate
fluid from the MH, and the vitreous cavity was exchanged with double-filtered
20% SF6 gas in all cases. Patients were prohibited from assuming a
face-down or face-up position until the gas was completely absorbed.
Preoperative
data collected included age at the time of surgery; sex; eye (left or right);
visual acuity (VA); and MH stage, size, and duration. The MH status of all
patients was evaluated by stereoscopic biomicroscopy and SD-OCT before and at 3
hours after surgery; daily until confirming the MH status; and 1 and 3 months
postoperatively. VA was also examined before and at 1 and 3 months after
surgery using a decimal chart, and the values were then converted to the
logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (log MAR) scale. We evaluated the
longevity of 20% SF6 gas bubbles until confirmation of MH closure or
non-closure after surgery. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) was used for statistical analyses. The
numerical data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance
(ANOVA). A p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Optical
coherence tomography examination
The entire macular area was scanned by SD-OCT (3D OCT-1000, Topcon,
Tokyo, Japan) with the patient in the seated position to avoid missing the MH.
Using a raster scan program, 512¡Á170 area scans (horizontal¡Ávertical) were
possible within the 6¡Á6 mm2 area. Thus, it is unlikely that an
unclosed MH was overlooked using this method. MH closure by SD-OCT was defined
as the absence of an interruption of the internal line of the inner retina in
any macular area. If MH was not closed, face-down positioning was initiated to
allow for any residual gas in the vitreous cavity to close the MH.
Results
Of the 19 patients, 9 (47.4%) were women and 10 (52.6%) were men, with
a mean age of 66.7 years (range, 54-79). Among the 19 eyes, 5 (26.3%) had stage
2 MH, 11 (57.9%) stage 3 MH, and 3 (15.8%) stage 4 MH. Mean MH size was 0.34
disc diameters (range, 0.2-0.6). MH had been present for a mean of 2.1 months
(range, 1-6 months). Of the 19 eyes, 18 (94.7%) were phakic and 1 (5.3%) was
pseudophakic.
Three hours
postoperatively, no interpretable images were obtained for any of the 19 eyes,
likely due to media opacity. On POD 1, comparatively clear images were obtained
for 10 of the 19 eyes (52.6%), allowing for MH closure to be determined by
SD-OCT through the gas. The imaging success rate was 84.2% (16 of 19 eyes) on
POD 2 and 94.7% (18 of 19 eyes) on POD 3. Sufficiently clear images were not
obtained for the remaining eye (case 12) until POD 5, likely due to pupillary
capture of the intraocular lens postoperatively. Of the 19 MHs, all holes
closed after the first surgery and none of the eyes showed reopening of the MH.
The
preoperative mean VA (log MAR) of 0.69 was significantly improved to 0.46 at 1
month and 0.33 at 3months after surgery (P < 0.0001, repeated
measures ANOVA). The mean longevity of 20% SF6 gas bubbles, until
confirmation of MH closure or non-closure by postoperative SD-OCT under the
vitreous humor, was 9.0 days (range 6-11 days).
Iatrogenic
retinal tear requiring endophotocoagulation occurred intraoperatively in 7 eyes
(36.8%). One (5.3%) eye (case 2) had postoperative rhegmatogenous retinal
detachment that required additional surgery to reattach the retina. Patient
data are shown in the table 1.
Discussion
Jumper et al[11] used silicone oil for the tamponade
instead of gas and obtained evaluable TD-OCT images in 5 of 7 eyes (71.4%) with
MH on POD 1. In 2 of these 5 eyes, the MH had not yet closed although the
foveal cysts had resolved by this time. Sato [12] also using TD-OCT
to evaluate MH closure, reported a decrease in the subretinal fluid and foveal
cysts on POD 1 in one eye with SF6 gas tamponade, but MH closure was
not complete until POD 2. Kasuga et al[7] acquired good
TD-OCT images through the gas in 4 of 7 eyes (57.1%) with MH using SF6
gas tamponade on POD 1, and the MH in all four eyes was closed. Because the
TD-OCT images of these eyes revealed no changes in the anatomic configuration
of the macula over the following 3 months, the authors concluded that they were
able to confirm the success of the MH surgery within 24 hours after surgery.
Eckardt et al[8] reported obtaining SD-OCT images for MH
closure by using a special setting of the SD-OCT system. The SD-OCT was rotated
90 degrees by attaching it to a special support so that the OCT measuring light
entered the lower part of the eye with the patient in a prone position. They
reported that imaging was possible for 25 of 33 eyes (75.8%) at 24 hours after
surgery, for 29 eyes (87.9%) at 48 hours after surgery, and all eyes at POD 3
using an air tamponade. Masuyama et al[9] reported that
imaging was possible using 16% SF6 gas as the tamponade for 3 of 5
eyes (60.0%) at 3 hours after surgery, and for 13 of 16 eyes (81.3%) on POD 1
and 2 by SD-OCT. Sano et al[13] reported that the
postoperative status of the MH could be determined in 24 of 26 eyes (92%) on
POD 1 by SD-OCT. Goto et al[14] reported imaging success rate
was 22 of 25 eyes (88.0%) on POD 1 and 23 of 24 eyes (95.8%) on POD 2 by
SD-OCT. Hasler and Prunte[15] were able to evaluate the macula by
TD-OCT during the immediate postoperative period, and determined that the MH
was closed in two eyes half-filled with air on POD 1 and the MH was closed in
28 of 30 eyes (93.3%) while in 2 eyes (6.7%) the MH was not closed on POD 3,
based on images obtained with the measuring beam passing through the vitreous
humor. When the beam passed through gas-filled eyes, however, a clear image
could not be obtained because of a strong light reflection from the posterior
surface of the gas. A detailed examination of the macular area was hampered by
strong signals from the intravitreal gas, corneal edema, and vitreous opacity.
Tornambe et
al[4] first challenged the necessity of face-down positioning in
MH surgery in 1997. In 2001, Simcock and Scalia[16] reported that
face-down positioning might not be necessary for stage 2 and 3 MH. In 2007,
there were three reports in which face-down positioning was not used after MH
surgery[17-19]. In these three studies, ILM peeling and 12% to 18% C3F8
gas tamponade were performed without subsequent face-down positioning, and
anatomic hole closure rates of 87.5% to 92% were achieved with a single
operation. In 2008, Carvounis et al[20] reported the results
of 25-gauge vitrectomy with ILM peeling and 10% to 20% SF6 gas
tamponade without face-down positioning. Anatomic success was achieved in 88.6%
(39 of 44) of eyes with a single operation. In 2012, we reported that results
for vitrectomy with ILM removal and 20% SF6 gas tamponade without
postoperative face-down positioning for MH, and the anatomic hole closure rate
was 93.9% (31 of 33) for eyes with a single operation[6]. These
results suggest that vitrectomy with ILM peeling and gas tamponade without
postoperative face-down positioning leads to excellent hole closure rates,
comparable with those achieved using conventional vitrectomy techniques with
face-down positioning.
In the present
study, comparatively clear SD-OCT images were obtained to determine MH closure
in 10 of 19 eyes (52.6%) on POD 1, 16 of 19 eyes (84.2%) on POD 2, 94.7% (18 of
19 eyes) on POD 3, and all eyes on POD 5. It is very difficult to compare the
imaging success rate of the present study with those of the other studies that
used SD-OCT (i.e., Eckardt et al[8], Masuyama et al[9],
Sano et al[13] and Goto et al[14]),
however, because of the small sample size of these five studies. Postoperative
face-down positioning, however, leads to the accumulation of a considerable
amount of keratic precipitates in the central cornea, which could affect the
coherence of the measuring light. Our findings indicate that vitrectomy for MH
without face-down positioning achieved favorable anatomic and functional
results. These surgical methods may spare patients the potentially unnecessary
inconvenience of postoperative face-down positioning.
The
limitations of this study include the lack of a concurrent control group and
the fact that a single vitroretinal surgeon performed all procedures.
Therefore, we did not obtain data comparing the results between different
surgical procedures or between surgeons, nor did we evaluate the accuracy of
the success rate.
In conclusion,
based on the present result, MH closure can be decisively determined during the
first 5 postoperative days using SD-OCT. For 19 eyes of 19 patients, we
performed vitrectomy with ILM peeling and SF6 gas tamponade for MH
without postoperative face-down positioning and achieved favorable anatomic and
functional results based on SD-OCT images obtained through gas-filled eyes.
These surgical methods may spare patients the potentially unnecessary
inconvenience of postoperative face-down positioning. Moreover, if there is no
or only incomplete closure of the MH, face-down positioning can be initiated to
allow the residual gas in the vitreous cavity to close the hole, or a second
vitrectomy should be performed.
CONFLICT
OF INTERESTS
The author have no conflicts of
interest to declare.
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Peer reviewer: Lorenzo
Iuliano,
Ophthalmology Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute
University, Via Olgettina, 60, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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